# Simple Features for R

[![](https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/520851/34887433-ce1d130e-f7c6-11e7-83fc-d60ad4fae6bd.gif)](https://gist.github.com/edzer/f461a3a95570c4ab7edf3125c2f19d20)

A package that provides [simple features
access](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simple_Features) for R.

[Blogs, links](#blogs-presentations-vignettes-sp-sf-wiki) •
[Cheatsheet](#cheatsheet) • [Installing](#installing) •
[Contributing](#contributing) • [Acknowledgment](#acknowledgment) • [How
to cite](#how-to-cite)

Package sf:

- represents simple features as records in a `data.frame` or `tibble`
  with a geometry list-column
- represents natively in R all 17 simple feature types for all
  dimensions (XY, XYZ, XYM, XYZM)
- interfaces to [GEOS](https://libgeos.org) for geometrical operations
  on projected coordinates, and (through R package
  [s2](https://cran.r-project.org/package=s2)) to
  [s2geometry](http://s2geometry.io/) for geometrical operations on
  ellipsoidal coordinates
- interfaces to [GDAL](https://gdal.org/), supporting all driver
  options, `Date` and `POSIXct` and list-columns
- interfaces to [PRØJ](http://proj.org/) for coordinate reference system
  conversion and transformation
- uses
  [well-known-binary](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Well-known_text#Well-known_binary)
  serialisations written in C++/Rcpp for fast I/O with GDAL and GEOS
- reads from and writes to spatial databases such as
  [PostGIS](http://postgis.net/) using
  [DBI](https://cran.r-project.org/package=DBI)
- is extended by
  - [lwgeom](https://github.com/r-spatial/lwgeom/) for selected
    liblwgeom/PostGIS functions
  - [stars](https://github.com/r-spatial/stars/) for raster data, and
    raster or vector data cubes (spatial time series)
  - [sfnetworks](https://luukvdmeer.github.io/sfnetworks/) for
    geospatial network data

[![](https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/520851/50280460-e35c1880-044c-11e9-9ed7-cc46754e49db.jpg)](https://gist.github.com/edzer/442d74a5775abcd5068cf3e73b23687b)

(Illustration (c) 2018 by [Allison
Horst](https://twitter.com/allison_horst/status/1071456081308614656))

## Books, journal articles, blogs, presentations, vignettes, sp-sf wiki

- an open access [R Journal
  article](https://journal.r-project.org/archive/2018/RJ-2018-009/index.html)
  summarizes the package
- two books: [Spatial Data Science: with applications in
  R](https://r-spatial.org/book/), [Geocomputation with
  R](https://r.geocompx.org/)
- package vignettes:
  [first](https://r-spatial.github.io/sf/articles/sf1.html),
  [second](https://r-spatial.github.io/sf/articles/sf2.html),
  [third](https://r-spatial.github.io/sf/articles/sf3.html),
  [fourth](https://r-spatial.github.io/sf/articles/sf4.html),
  [fifth](https://r-spatial.github.io/sf/articles/sf5.html),
  [sixth](https://r-spatial.github.io/sf/articles/sf6.html),
  [seventh](https://r-spatial.github.io/sf/articles/sf7.html)
- blog posts:
  [first](https://r-spatial.org/r/2016/02/15/simple-features-for-r.html),
  [second](https://r-spatial.org/r/2016/07/18/sf2.html),
  [third](https://r-spatial.org/r/2016/11/02/sfcran.html),
  [fourth](https://r-spatial.org/r/2017/01/12/newssf.html)
- the original R Consortium ISC
  [proposal](https://r-spatial.github.io/sf/PROPOSAL.md), the R
  Consortium [blog
  post](https://www.r-consortium.org/blog/2017/01/03/simple-features-now-on-cran)
- presentations: [rstudio::conf
  2018](https://edzer.github.io/rstudio_conf/#1)
  ([video](https://posit.co/resources/videos/tidy-spatial-data-analysis/)),
  [UseR! 2016](http://pebesma.staff.ifgi.de/pebesma_sfr.pdf)
- wiki page describing [sp-sf
  migration](https://github.com/r-spatial/sf/wiki/Migrating)

## Cheatsheet

[CC 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) BY [Ryan
Garnett](https://github.com/ryangarnett)

[![](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/rstudio/cheatsheets/main/pngs/sf.png)](https://github.com/rstudio/cheatsheets/blob/main/sf.pdf)

## Installing

Install either from CRAN with:

``` r

install.packages("sf")
```

This will install binary packages on Windows and MacOS, unless you
configured R such that it tries to install source packages; in that
case, see below.

Install development versions from GitHub with:

``` r

library(remotes)
install_github("r-spatial/sf")
```

### Windows

Installing sf from source works under Windows when
[Rtools](https://cran.r-project.org/bin/windows/Rtools/) is installed.

### MacOS

MacOS users are strongly encouraged to install the `sf` binary packages
from CRAN, unless they are familiar with compilers, linking, C++ source
code, and homebrew. If you experience that R tries to install `sf` from
source (or otherwise your install fails but you don’t understand what is
going on) try again by explicitly installing the binary, using

``` r

install.packages("sf", type = "binary")
```

The remainder of this section is for those who understand what source
installs mean, and imply.

Perhaps the easiest way of an install from source is to first install
`gdal` using Homebrew. Recent versions of Homebrew include a
full-featured up-to-date [gdal
formula](https://github.com/Homebrew/homebrew-core/blob/master/Formula/g/gdal.rb),
which installs `proj` and `gdal` at the same time:

    brew install pkg-config
    brew install gdal

Once gdal is installed, you may be able to install `sf` package from
source in R. With the current version of `proj` on homebrew,
installation requires additional configuration:

``` r

install.packages("sf", type = "source", configure.args = "--with-proj-lib=$(brew --prefix)/lib/")
```

Or the development version:

``` r

library(remotes)
install_github("r-spatial/sf", configure.args = "--with-proj-lib=$(brew --prefix)/lib/")
```

Alternatively, [these
instructions](https://stat.ethz.ch/pipermail/r-sig-mac/2017-June/012429.html)
explain how to install gdal using kyngchaos frameworks.

For Mac OS 11 Big Sur source install instruction, see
[here](https://github.com/r-spatial/sf/issues/1536#issuecomment-727342736)

### Linux

For Unix-alikes, GDAL (\>= 2.0.1), GEOS (\>= 3.4.0) and PROJ (\>= 4.8.0)
are required.

#### Ubuntu

Dependencies for recent versions of Ubuntu (18.04 and later) are
available in the official repositories; you can install them with:

``` sh
sudo apt -y update && apt install -y libudunits2-dev libgdal-dev libgeos-dev libproj-dev libsqlite3-dev
```

However, to get more up-to-date versions of dependencies such as GDAL,
GEOS and PROJ we recommend adding the
[ubuntugis-unstable](http://ppa.launchpad.net/ubuntugis/ubuntugis-unstable/ubuntu/)
PPA to the package repositories and installing them as follows:

``` sh
sudo add-apt-repository ppa:ubuntugis/ubuntugis-unstable
sudo apt update
sudo apt install libudunits2-dev libgdal-dev libgeos-dev libproj-dev libsqlite3-dev
```

Adding this PPA is required for installing `sf` on older versions of
Ubuntu (e.g. Xenial).

Another option, for advanced users, is to install dependencies from
source; see e.g. an older
[Travis](https://github.com/r-spatial/sf/blob/593ee48b34001fe3b383ea73ea57063ecf690732/.travis.yml)
config file for hints.

#### Fedora

The following command installs all required dependencies:

``` sh
sudo dnf install gdal-devel proj-devel geos-devel sqlite-devel udunits2-devel
```

#### Arch

Get gdal, proj, geos and podofo from the main repos, and udunits from
the AUR:

    pacman -S gdal proj geos arrow podofo
    yay/pacaur/yaourt/whatever -S udunits

#### `renv` or `conda`

There are several reports that `sf` fails to install as a source package
when R is used with `renv`, or when R is installed in a `conda`
environment. If you experience this, please only raise an issue here if
the problem persists without `renv` or `conda`, and otherwise

- try to sort this out with the `renv` developers or the `conda`
  maintainers, or
- try to use binary installs of the `sf` package, e.g. from
  [r2u](https://github.com/eddelbuettel/r2u), or the Posit package
  manager

#### Other

To install on Debian, the [rocker
geospatial](https://github.com/rocker-org/geospatial) Dockerfiles may be
helpful. Ubuntu Dockerfiles are found
[here](https://github.com/r-spatial/sf/tree/main/inst/docker).

### Support for (Geo)Parquet and Arrow

`sf` links to GDAL, but does not control how GDAL was configured and
built. Not every GDAL installation has built-in support for GeoParquet
or Arrow. Please see [this
issue](https://github.com/r-spatial/sf/issues/2585), or configure and
compile GDAL with Parquet support e.g. using [this
Dockerfile](https://github.com/r-spatial/sf/tree/main/inst/docker/parquet).

### Multiple GDAL, GEOS and/or PROJ versions on your system

If you use dynamic linking (installation from source) and have multiple
versions of these libraries installed (e.g. one from ubuntugis-unstable,
another installed from source in `/usr/local/lib`) then this will in
general not work, even when setting `LD_LIBRARY_PATH` manually. See
[here](https://github.com/r-spatial/sf/issues/844) for the reason why.

### lwgeom

Functions and methods that require `liblwgeom`, including ellipsoidal
(not spherical or Euclidean) metrics (area, distances), are provided by
and used from [lwgeom](https://github.com/r-spatial/lwgeom), which is
also on [CRAN](https://cran.r-project.org/package=lwgeom).

## Contributing

- Contributions of all sorts are most welcome, issues and pull requests
  are the preferred ways of sharing them.
- When contributing pull requests, please adhere to the package style
  (in package code use `=` rather than `<-`; don’t change indentation;
  tab stops of 4 spaces are preferred).
- This project is released with a [Contributor Code of
  Conduct](https://r-spatial.github.io/sf/CONDUCT.md). By participating
  in this project, you agree to abide by its terms.

## How to cite

Package `sf` can be cited as:

- Edzer Pebesma, 2018. Simple Features for R: Standardized Support for
  Spatial Vector Data. The R Journal [10:1,
  439-446.](https://journal.r-project.org/archive/2018/RJ-2018-009/index.html)

- Pebesma, E.; Bivand, R. (2023). [Spatial Data Science: With
  Applications in R](https://r-spatial.org/book/) (1st ed.). 314 pages.
  [Chapman and Hall/CRC](https://doi.org/10.1201/9780429459016).

## Acknowledgment

This project gratefully acknowledges financial
[support](https://www.r-consortium.org/projects) from the

[![](https://r-consortium.org/images/RConsortium_Horizontal_Pantone.webp)](https://r-consortium.org/all-projects/2016-group-1.html#simple-features-for-r)

# Package index

## All functions

- [`Ops(`*`<sfg>`*`)`](https://r-spatial.github.io/sf/reference/Ops.md)
  [`Ops(`*`<sfc>`*`)`](https://r-spatial.github.io/sf/reference/Ops.md)
  : Arithmetic operators for simple feature geometries

- [`aggregate(`*`<sf>`*`)`](https://r-spatial.github.io/sf/reference/aggregate.sf.md)
  :

  aggregate an `sf` object

- [`rbind(`*`<sf>`*`)`](https://r-spatial.github.io/sf/reference/bind.md)
  [`cbind(`*`<sf>`*`)`](https://r-spatial.github.io/sf/reference/bind.md)
  [`st_bind_cols()`](https://r-spatial.github.io/sf/reference/bind.md) :
  Bind rows (features) of sf objects

- [`coerce(`*`<Spatial>`*`,`*`<sf>`*`)`](https://r-spatial.github.io/sf/reference/coerce-methods.md)
  [`coerce(`*`<Spatial>`*`,`*`<sfc>`*`)`](https://r-spatial.github.io/sf/reference/coerce-methods.md)
  [`coerce(`*`<sf>`*`,`*`<Spatial>`*`)`](https://r-spatial.github.io/sf/reference/coerce-methods.md)
  [`coerce(`*`<sfc>`*`,`*`<Spatial>`*`)`](https://r-spatial.github.io/sf/reference/coerce-methods.md)
  [`as_Spatial()`](https://r-spatial.github.io/sf/reference/coerce-methods.md)
  [`coerce(`*`<crs>`*`,`*`<CRS>`*`)`](https://r-spatial.github.io/sf/reference/coerce-methods.md)
  :

  Methods to coerce simple features to `Spatial*` and
  `Spatial*DataFrame` objects

- [`dbDataType(`*`<PostgreSQLConnection>`*`,`*`<sf>`*`)`](https://r-spatial.github.io/sf/reference/dbDataType.md)
  [`dbDataType(`*`<DBIObject>`*`,`*`<sf>`*`)`](https://r-spatial.github.io/sf/reference/dbDataType.md)
  : Determine database type for R vector

- [`dbWriteTable(`*`<PostgreSQLConnection>`*`,`*`<character>`*`,`*`<sf>`*`)`](https://r-spatial.github.io/sf/reference/dbWriteTable.md)
  [`dbWriteTable(`*`<DBIObject>`*`,`*`<character>`*`,`*`<sf>`*`)`](https://r-spatial.github.io/sf/reference/dbWriteTable.md)
  :

  Write `sf` object to Database

- [`db_drivers`](https://r-spatial.github.io/sf/reference/db_drivers.md)
  :

  Drivers for which update should be `TRUE` by default

- [`extension_map`](https://r-spatial.github.io/sf/reference/extension_map.md)
  : Map extension to driver

- [`gdal_addo()`](https://r-spatial.github.io/sf/reference/gdal_addo.md)
  : Add or remove overviews to/from a raster image

- [`gdal_compressors()`](https://r-spatial.github.io/sf/reference/gdal_compressors.md)
  : List GDAL compressors and decompressors

- [`gdal_utils()`](https://r-spatial.github.io/sf/reference/gdal_utils.md)
  : Native interface to gdal utils

- [`st_intersection()`](https://r-spatial.github.io/sf/reference/geos_binary_ops.md)
  [`st_difference()`](https://r-spatial.github.io/sf/reference/geos_binary_ops.md)
  [`st_sym_difference()`](https://r-spatial.github.io/sf/reference/geos_binary_ops.md)
  [`st_snap()`](https://r-spatial.github.io/sf/reference/geos_binary_ops.md)
  : Geometric operations on pairs of simple feature geometry sets

- [`st_intersects()`](https://r-spatial.github.io/sf/reference/geos_binary_pred.md)
  [`st_disjoint()`](https://r-spatial.github.io/sf/reference/geos_binary_pred.md)
  [`st_touches()`](https://r-spatial.github.io/sf/reference/geos_binary_pred.md)
  [`st_crosses()`](https://r-spatial.github.io/sf/reference/geos_binary_pred.md)
  [`st_within()`](https://r-spatial.github.io/sf/reference/geos_binary_pred.md)
  [`st_contains()`](https://r-spatial.github.io/sf/reference/geos_binary_pred.md)
  [`st_contains_properly()`](https://r-spatial.github.io/sf/reference/geos_binary_pred.md)
  [`st_overlaps()`](https://r-spatial.github.io/sf/reference/geos_binary_pred.md)
  [`st_equals()`](https://r-spatial.github.io/sf/reference/geos_binary_pred.md)
  [`st_covers()`](https://r-spatial.github.io/sf/reference/geos_binary_pred.md)
  [`st_covered_by()`](https://r-spatial.github.io/sf/reference/geos_binary_pred.md)
  [`st_equals_exact()`](https://r-spatial.github.io/sf/reference/geos_binary_pred.md)
  [`st_is_within_distance()`](https://r-spatial.github.io/sf/reference/geos_binary_pred.md)
  : Geometric binary predicates on pairs of simple feature geometry sets

- [`st_combine()`](https://r-spatial.github.io/sf/reference/geos_combine.md)
  [`st_union()`](https://r-spatial.github.io/sf/reference/geos_combine.md)
  : Combine or union feature geometries

- [`st_area()`](https://r-spatial.github.io/sf/reference/geos_measures.md)
  [`st_length()`](https://r-spatial.github.io/sf/reference/geos_measures.md)
  [`st_perimeter()`](https://r-spatial.github.io/sf/reference/geos_measures.md)
  [`st_distance()`](https://r-spatial.github.io/sf/reference/geos_measures.md)
  : Compute geometric measurements

- [`st_dimension()`](https://r-spatial.github.io/sf/reference/geos_query.md)
  [`st_is_simple()`](https://r-spatial.github.io/sf/reference/geos_query.md)
  [`st_is_empty()`](https://r-spatial.github.io/sf/reference/geos_query.md)
  : Dimension, simplicity, validity or is_empty queries on simple
  feature geometries

- [`st_buffer()`](https://r-spatial.github.io/sf/reference/geos_unary.md)
  [`st_boundary()`](https://r-spatial.github.io/sf/reference/geos_unary.md)
  [`st_convex_hull()`](https://r-spatial.github.io/sf/reference/geos_unary.md)
  [`st_concave_hull()`](https://r-spatial.github.io/sf/reference/geos_unary.md)
  [`st_simplify()`](https://r-spatial.github.io/sf/reference/geos_unary.md)
  [`st_triangulate()`](https://r-spatial.github.io/sf/reference/geos_unary.md)
  [`st_triangulate_constrained()`](https://r-spatial.github.io/sf/reference/geos_unary.md)
  [`st_inscribed_circle()`](https://r-spatial.github.io/sf/reference/geos_unary.md)
  [`st_minimum_rotated_rectangle()`](https://r-spatial.github.io/sf/reference/geos_unary.md)
  [`st_minimum_bounding_circle()`](https://r-spatial.github.io/sf/reference/geos_unary.md)
  [`st_voronoi()`](https://r-spatial.github.io/sf/reference/geos_unary.md)
  [`st_polygonize()`](https://r-spatial.github.io/sf/reference/geos_unary.md)
  [`st_line_merge()`](https://r-spatial.github.io/sf/reference/geos_unary.md)
  [`st_centroid()`](https://r-spatial.github.io/sf/reference/geos_unary.md)
  [`st_point_on_surface()`](https://r-spatial.github.io/sf/reference/geos_unary.md)
  [`st_reverse()`](https://r-spatial.github.io/sf/reference/geos_unary.md)
  [`st_node()`](https://r-spatial.github.io/sf/reference/geos_unary.md)
  [`st_segmentize()`](https://r-spatial.github.io/sf/reference/geos_unary.md)
  [`st_exterior_ring()`](https://r-spatial.github.io/sf/reference/geos_unary.md)
  : Geometric unary operations on simple feature geometry sets

- [`st_interpolate_aw()`](https://r-spatial.github.io/sf/reference/interpolate_aw.md)
  : Area-weighted interpolation or dasymetric mapping of polygon data

- [`is_driver_available()`](https://r-spatial.github.io/sf/reference/is_driver_available.md)
  : Check if driver is available

- [`is_driver_can()`](https://r-spatial.github.io/sf/reference/is_driver_can.md)
  : Check if a driver can perform an action

- [`is_geometry_column()`](https://r-spatial.github.io/sf/reference/is_geometry_column.md)
  : Check if the columns could be of a coercable type for sf

- [`merge(`*`<sf>`*`)`](https://r-spatial.github.io/sf/reference/merge.sf.md)
  : merge method for sf and data.frame object

- [`nc`](https://r-spatial.github.io/sf/reference/nc.md) : North
  Carolina SIDS data

- [`plot(`*`<sf>`*`)`](https://r-spatial.github.io/sf/reference/plot.md)
  [`get_key_pos()`](https://r-spatial.github.io/sf/reference/plot.md)
  [`plot(`*`<sfc_POINT>`*`)`](https://r-spatial.github.io/sf/reference/plot.md)
  [`plot(`*`<sfc_MULTIPOINT>`*`)`](https://r-spatial.github.io/sf/reference/plot.md)
  [`plot(`*`<sfc_LINESTRING>`*`)`](https://r-spatial.github.io/sf/reference/plot.md)
  [`plot(`*`<sfc_CIRCULARSTRING>`*`)`](https://r-spatial.github.io/sf/reference/plot.md)
  [`plot(`*`<sfc_MULTILINESTRING>`*`)`](https://r-spatial.github.io/sf/reference/plot.md)
  [`plot(`*`<sfc_POLYGON>`*`)`](https://r-spatial.github.io/sf/reference/plot.md)
  [`plot(`*`<sfc_MULTIPOLYGON>`*`)`](https://r-spatial.github.io/sf/reference/plot.md)
  [`plot(`*`<sfc_GEOMETRYCOLLECTION>`*`)`](https://r-spatial.github.io/sf/reference/plot.md)
  [`plot(`*`<sfc_GEOMETRY>`*`)`](https://r-spatial.github.io/sf/reference/plot.md)
  [`plot(`*`<sfg>`*`)`](https://r-spatial.github.io/sf/reference/plot.md)
  [`plot_sf()`](https://r-spatial.github.io/sf/reference/plot.md)
  [`sf.colors()`](https://r-spatial.github.io/sf/reference/plot.md)
  [`text(`*`<sf>`*`)`](https://r-spatial.github.io/sf/reference/plot.md)
  [`text(`*`<sfc>`*`)`](https://r-spatial.github.io/sf/reference/plot.md)
  [`points(`*`<sf>`*`)`](https://r-spatial.github.io/sf/reference/plot.md)
  [`points(`*`<sfc>`*`)`](https://r-spatial.github.io/sf/reference/plot.md)
  : plot sf object

- [`prefix_map`](https://r-spatial.github.io/sf/reference/prefix_map.md)
  : Map prefix to driver

- [`sf_proj_search_paths()`](https://r-spatial.github.io/sf/reference/proj_tools.md)
  [`sf_proj_network()`](https://r-spatial.github.io/sf/reference/proj_tools.md)
  [`sf_proj_pipelines()`](https://r-spatial.github.io/sf/reference/proj_tools.md)
  : Manage PROJ settings

- [`rawToHex()`](https://r-spatial.github.io/sf/reference/rawToHex.md) :
  Convert raw vector(s) into hexadecimal character string(s)

- [`sf_use_s2()`](https://r-spatial.github.io/sf/reference/s2.md)
  [`st_as_s2()`](https://r-spatial.github.io/sf/reference/s2.md) :
  functions for spherical geometry, using s2 package

- [`st_sf()`](https://r-spatial.github.io/sf/reference/sf.md)
  [`` `[`( ``*`<sf>`*`)`](https://r-spatial.github.io/sf/reference/sf.md)
  [`print(`*`<sf>`*`)`](https://r-spatial.github.io/sf/reference/sf.md)
  : Create sf object

- [`sf_extSoftVersion()`](https://r-spatial.github.io/sf/reference/sf_extSoftVersion.md)
  : Provide the external dependencies versions of the libraries linked
  to sf

- [`sf_add_proj_units()`](https://r-spatial.github.io/sf/reference/sf_project.md)
  [`sf_project()`](https://r-spatial.github.io/sf/reference/sf_project.md)
  : directly transform a set of coordinates

- [`st_sfc()`](https://r-spatial.github.io/sf/reference/sfc.md)
  [`` `[`( ``*`<sfc>`*`)`](https://r-spatial.github.io/sf/reference/sfc.md)
  : Create simple feature geometry list column

- [`print(`*`<sgbp>`*`)`](https://r-spatial.github.io/sf/reference/sgbp.md)
  [`t(`*`<sgbp>`*`)`](https://r-spatial.github.io/sf/reference/sgbp.md)
  [`as.matrix(`*`<sgbp>`*`)`](https://r-spatial.github.io/sf/reference/sgbp.md)
  [`dim(`*`<sgbp>`*`)`](https://r-spatial.github.io/sf/reference/sgbp.md)
  [`Ops(`*`<sgbp>`*`)`](https://r-spatial.github.io/sf/reference/sgbp.md)
  [`as.data.frame(`*`<sgbp>`*`)`](https://r-spatial.github.io/sf/reference/sgbp.md)
  : Methods for dealing with sparse geometry binary predicate lists

- [`st_point()`](https://r-spatial.github.io/sf/reference/st.md)
  [`st_multipoint()`](https://r-spatial.github.io/sf/reference/st.md)
  [`st_linestring()`](https://r-spatial.github.io/sf/reference/st.md)
  [`st_polygon()`](https://r-spatial.github.io/sf/reference/st.md)
  [`st_multilinestring()`](https://r-spatial.github.io/sf/reference/st.md)
  [`st_multipolygon()`](https://r-spatial.github.io/sf/reference/st.md)
  [`st_geometrycollection()`](https://r-spatial.github.io/sf/reference/st.md)
  [`print(`*`<sfg>`*`)`](https://r-spatial.github.io/sf/reference/st.md)
  [`head(`*`<sfg>`*`)`](https://r-spatial.github.io/sf/reference/st.md)
  [`format(`*`<sfg>`*`)`](https://r-spatial.github.io/sf/reference/st.md)
  [`c(`*`<sfg>`*`)`](https://r-spatial.github.io/sf/reference/st.md)
  [`as.matrix(`*`<sfg>`*`)`](https://r-spatial.github.io/sf/reference/st.md)
  : Create simple feature from a numeric vector, matrix or list

- [`NA_agr_`](https://r-spatial.github.io/sf/reference/st_agr.md)
  [`st_agr()`](https://r-spatial.github.io/sf/reference/st_agr.md)
  [`` `st_agr<-`() ``](https://r-spatial.github.io/sf/reference/st_agr.md)
  [`st_set_agr()`](https://r-spatial.github.io/sf/reference/st_agr.md) :

  get or set relation_to_geometry attribute of an `sf` object

- [`st_as_binary()`](https://r-spatial.github.io/sf/reference/st_as_binary.md)
  : Convert sfc object to an WKB object

- [`st_as_grob()`](https://r-spatial.github.io/sf/reference/st_as_grob.md)
  : Convert sf\* object to a grob

- [`st_as_sf()`](https://r-spatial.github.io/sf/reference/st_as_sf.md) :
  Convert foreign object to an sf object

- [`st_as_sfc()`](https://r-spatial.github.io/sf/reference/st_as_sfc.md)
  : Convert foreign geometry object to an sfc object

- [`st_as_text()`](https://r-spatial.github.io/sf/reference/st_as_text.md)
  : Return Well-known Text representation of simple feature geometry or
  coordinate reference system

- [`is.na(`*`<bbox>`*`)`](https://r-spatial.github.io/sf/reference/st_bbox.md)
  [`st_bbox()`](https://r-spatial.github.io/sf/reference/st_bbox.md)
  [`NA_bbox_`](https://r-spatial.github.io/sf/reference/st_bbox.md)
  [`FULL_bbox_`](https://r-spatial.github.io/sf/reference/st_bbox.md)
  [`format(`*`<bbox>`*`)`](https://r-spatial.github.io/sf/reference/st_bbox.md)
  : Return bounding of a simple feature or simple feature set

- [`st_break_antimeridian()`](https://r-spatial.github.io/sf/reference/st_break_antimeridian.md)
  : Break antimeridian for plotting not centred on Greenwich

- [`st_cast()`](https://r-spatial.github.io/sf/reference/st_cast.md) :
  Cast geometry to another type: either simplify, or cast explicitly

- [`st_cast_sfc_default()`](https://r-spatial.github.io/sf/reference/st_cast_sfc_default.md)
  : Coerce geometry to MULTI\* geometry

- [`st_collection_extract()`](https://r-spatial.github.io/sf/reference/st_collection_extract.md)
  :

  Given an object with geometries of type `GEOMETRY` or
  `GEOMETRYCOLLECTION`, return an object consisting only of elements of
  the specified type.

- [`st_coordinates()`](https://r-spatial.github.io/sf/reference/st_coordinates.md)
  : retrieve coordinates in matrix form

- [`st_crop()`](https://r-spatial.github.io/sf/reference/st_crop.md) :
  crop an sf object to a specific rectangle

- [`st_crs()`](https://r-spatial.github.io/sf/reference/st_crs.md)
  [`` `st_crs<-`() ``](https://r-spatial.github.io/sf/reference/st_crs.md)
  [`st_set_crs()`](https://r-spatial.github.io/sf/reference/st_crs.md)
  [`NA_crs_`](https://r-spatial.github.io/sf/reference/st_crs.md)
  [`is.na(`*`<crs>`*`)`](https://r-spatial.github.io/sf/reference/st_crs.md)
  [`` `$`( ``*`<crs>`*`)`](https://r-spatial.github.io/sf/reference/st_crs.md)
  [`format(`*`<crs>`*`)`](https://r-spatial.github.io/sf/reference/st_crs.md)
  [`st_axis_order()`](https://r-spatial.github.io/sf/reference/st_crs.md)
  : Retrieve coordinate reference system from object

- [`st_drivers()`](https://r-spatial.github.io/sf/reference/st_drivers.md)
  : Get GDAL drivers

- [`st_geometry()`](https://r-spatial.github.io/sf/reference/st_geometry.md)
  [`` `st_geometry<-`() ``](https://r-spatial.github.io/sf/reference/st_geometry.md)
  [`st_set_geometry()`](https://r-spatial.github.io/sf/reference/st_geometry.md)
  [`st_drop_geometry()`](https://r-spatial.github.io/sf/reference/st_geometry.md)
  : Get, set, replace or rename geometry from an sf object

- [`st_geometry_type()`](https://r-spatial.github.io/sf/reference/st_geometry_type.md)
  : Return geometry type of an object

- [`st_graticule()`](https://r-spatial.github.io/sf/reference/st_graticule.md)
  : Compute graticules and their parameters

- [`st_is()`](https://r-spatial.github.io/sf/reference/st_is.md) : test
  equality between the geometry type and a class or set of classes

- [`st_is_full()`](https://r-spatial.github.io/sf/reference/st_is_full.md)
  : predicate whether a geometry is equal to a POLYGON FULL

- [`st_is_longlat()`](https://r-spatial.github.io/sf/reference/st_is_longlat.md)
  : Assert whether simple feature coordinates are longlat degrees

- [`st_jitter()`](https://r-spatial.github.io/sf/reference/st_jitter.md)
  : jitter geometries

- [`st_join()`](https://r-spatial.github.io/sf/reference/st_join.md)
  [`st_filter()`](https://r-spatial.github.io/sf/reference/st_join.md) :
  spatial join, spatial filter

- [`st_layers()`](https://r-spatial.github.io/sf/reference/st_layers.md)
  : Return properties of layers in a datasource

- [`st_line_project()`](https://r-spatial.github.io/sf/reference/st_line_project_point.md)
  [`st_line_interpolate()`](https://r-spatial.github.io/sf/reference/st_line_project_point.md)
  : Project point on linestring, interpolate along a linestring

- [`st_line_sample()`](https://r-spatial.github.io/sf/reference/st_line_sample.md)
  : Sample points on a linear geometry

- [`is.na(`*`<m_range>`*`)`](https://r-spatial.github.io/sf/reference/st_m_range.md)
  [`st_m_range()`](https://r-spatial.github.io/sf/reference/st_m_range.md)
  [`NA_m_range_`](https://r-spatial.github.io/sf/reference/st_m_range.md)
  : Return 'm' range of a simple feature or simple feature set

- [`st_make_grid()`](https://r-spatial.github.io/sf/reference/st_make_grid.md)
  : Create a regular tesselation over the bounding box of an sf or sfc
  object

- [`st_nearest_feature()`](https://r-spatial.github.io/sf/reference/st_nearest_feature.md)
  : get index of nearest feature

- [`st_nearest_points()`](https://r-spatial.github.io/sf/reference/st_nearest_points.md)
  : get nearest points between pairs of geometries

- [`st_normalize()`](https://r-spatial.github.io/sf/reference/st_normalize.md)
  : Normalize simple features

- [`st_precision()`](https://r-spatial.github.io/sf/reference/st_precision.md)
  [`st_set_precision()`](https://r-spatial.github.io/sf/reference/st_precision.md)
  [`` `st_precision<-`() ``](https://r-spatial.github.io/sf/reference/st_precision.md)
  : Get precision

- [`st_read()`](https://r-spatial.github.io/sf/reference/st_read.md)
  [`read_sf()`](https://r-spatial.github.io/sf/reference/st_read.md) :
  Read simple features or layers from file or database

- [`st_relate()`](https://r-spatial.github.io/sf/reference/st_relate.md)
  : Compute DE9-IM relation between pairs of geometries, or match it to
  a given pattern

- [`st_sample()`](https://r-spatial.github.io/sf/reference/st_sample.md)
  : sample points on or in (sets of) spatial features

- [`st_shift_longitude()`](https://r-spatial.github.io/sf/reference/st_shift_longitude.md)
  : Shift or re-center geographical coordinates for a Pacific view

- [`st_can_transform()`](https://r-spatial.github.io/sf/reference/st_transform.md)
  [`st_transform()`](https://r-spatial.github.io/sf/reference/st_transform.md)
  [`st_wrap_dateline()`](https://r-spatial.github.io/sf/reference/st_transform.md)
  [`sf_proj_info()`](https://r-spatial.github.io/sf/reference/st_transform.md)
  : Transform or convert coordinates of simple feature

- [`st_viewport()`](https://r-spatial.github.io/sf/reference/st_viewport.md)
  : Create viewport from sf, sfc or sfg object

- [`st_write()`](https://r-spatial.github.io/sf/reference/st_write.md)
  [`write_sf()`](https://r-spatial.github.io/sf/reference/st_write.md)
  [`st_delete()`](https://r-spatial.github.io/sf/reference/st_write.md)
  : Write simple features object to file or database

- [`is.na(`*`<z_range>`*`)`](https://r-spatial.github.io/sf/reference/st_z_range.md)
  [`st_z_range()`](https://r-spatial.github.io/sf/reference/st_z_range.md)
  [`NA_z_range_`](https://r-spatial.github.io/sf/reference/st_z_range.md)
  : Return 'z' range of a simple feature or simple feature set

- [`st_zm()`](https://r-spatial.github.io/sf/reference/st_zm.md) : Drop
  or add Z and/or M dimensions from feature geometries

- [`summary(`*`<sfc>`*`)`](https://r-spatial.github.io/sf/reference/summary.sfc.md)
  : Summarize simple feature column

- [`type_sum.sfc()`](https://r-spatial.github.io/sf/reference/tibble.md)
  [`obj_sum.sfc()`](https://r-spatial.github.io/sf/reference/tibble.md)
  [`pillar_shaft.sfc()`](https://r-spatial.github.io/sf/reference/tibble.md)
  : Summarize simple feature type for tibble

- [`filter.sf()`](https://r-spatial.github.io/sf/reference/tidyverse.md)
  [`arrange.sf()`](https://r-spatial.github.io/sf/reference/tidyverse.md)
  [`group_by.sf()`](https://r-spatial.github.io/sf/reference/tidyverse.md)
  [`ungroup.sf()`](https://r-spatial.github.io/sf/reference/tidyverse.md)
  [`rowwise.sf()`](https://r-spatial.github.io/sf/reference/tidyverse.md)
  [`mutate.sf()`](https://r-spatial.github.io/sf/reference/tidyverse.md)
  [`transmute.sf()`](https://r-spatial.github.io/sf/reference/tidyverse.md)
  [`select.sf()`](https://r-spatial.github.io/sf/reference/tidyverse.md)
  [`rename.sf()`](https://r-spatial.github.io/sf/reference/tidyverse.md)
  [`rename_with.sf()`](https://r-spatial.github.io/sf/reference/tidyverse.md)
  [`slice.sf()`](https://r-spatial.github.io/sf/reference/tidyverse.md)
  [`summarise.sf()`](https://r-spatial.github.io/sf/reference/tidyverse.md)
  [`count.sf()`](https://r-spatial.github.io/sf/reference/tidyverse.md)
  [`distinct.sf()`](https://r-spatial.github.io/sf/reference/tidyverse.md)
  [`gather.sf()`](https://r-spatial.github.io/sf/reference/tidyverse.md)
  [`pivot_longer.sf()`](https://r-spatial.github.io/sf/reference/tidyverse.md)
  [`pivot_wider.sf()`](https://r-spatial.github.io/sf/reference/tidyverse.md)
  [`spread.sf()`](https://r-spatial.github.io/sf/reference/tidyverse.md)
  [`sample_n.sf()`](https://r-spatial.github.io/sf/reference/tidyverse.md)
  [`sample_frac.sf()`](https://r-spatial.github.io/sf/reference/tidyverse.md)
  [`group_split.sf()`](https://r-spatial.github.io/sf/reference/tidyverse.md)
  [`nest.sf()`](https://r-spatial.github.io/sf/reference/tidyverse.md)
  [`separate.sf()`](https://r-spatial.github.io/sf/reference/tidyverse.md)
  [`separate_rows.sf()`](https://r-spatial.github.io/sf/reference/tidyverse.md)
  [`unite.sf()`](https://r-spatial.github.io/sf/reference/tidyverse.md)
  [`unnest.sf()`](https://r-spatial.github.io/sf/reference/tidyverse.md)
  [`drop_na.sf()`](https://r-spatial.github.io/sf/reference/tidyverse.md)
  [`inner_join.sf()`](https://r-spatial.github.io/sf/reference/tidyverse.md)
  [`left_join.sf()`](https://r-spatial.github.io/sf/reference/tidyverse.md)
  [`right_join.sf()`](https://r-spatial.github.io/sf/reference/tidyverse.md)
  [`full_join.sf()`](https://r-spatial.github.io/sf/reference/tidyverse.md)
  [`semi_join.sf()`](https://r-spatial.github.io/sf/reference/tidyverse.md)
  [`anti_join.sf()`](https://r-spatial.github.io/sf/reference/tidyverse.md)
  : Tidyverse methods for sf objects

- [`transform(`*`<sf>`*`)`](https://r-spatial.github.io/sf/reference/transform.sf.md)
  : transform method for sf objects

- [`st_is_valid()`](https://r-spatial.github.io/sf/reference/valid.md)
  [`st_make_valid()`](https://r-spatial.github.io/sf/reference/valid.md)
  : Check validity or make an invalid geometry valid

# Articles

### All vignettes

- [1. Simple Features for
  R](https://r-spatial.github.io/sf/articles/sf1.md):
- [2. Reading, Writing and Converting Simple
  Features](https://r-spatial.github.io/sf/articles/sf2.md):
- [3. Manipulating Simple Feature
  Geometries](https://r-spatial.github.io/sf/articles/sf3.md):
- [4. Manipulating Simple
  Features](https://r-spatial.github.io/sf/articles/sf4.md):
- [5. Plotting Simple
  Features](https://r-spatial.github.io/sf/articles/sf5.md):
- [6. Miscellaneous](https://r-spatial.github.io/sf/articles/sf6.md):
- [7. Spherical geometry in sf using
  s2geometry](https://r-spatial.github.io/sf/articles/sf7.md):