The function creates higher order neighbour lists, where higher order neighbours are only lags links from each other on the graph described by the input neighbours list. It will refuse to lag neighbours lists with the attribute self.included set to TRUE. nblag_cumul cumulates neighbour lists to a single neighbour list (“nb” object).

nblag(neighbours, maxlag)
nblag_cumul(nblags)

## Arguments

neighbours

input neighbours list of class nb

maxlag

the maximum lag to be constructed

nblags

a list of neighbour lists as output by nblag

## Value

returns a list of lagged neighbours lists each with class nb

## Author

Roger Bivand Roger.Bivand@nhh.no and Giovanni Millo

summary.nb

## Examples

columbus <- st_read(system.file("shapes/columbus.shp", package="spData")[1], quiet=TRUE)
coords <- coordinates(as(columbus, "Spatial"))
summary(col.gal.nb, coords)
#> Neighbour list object:
#> Number of regions: 49
#> Number of nonzero links: 230
#> Percentage nonzero weights: 9.579342
#> Average number of links: 4.693878
#>
#>  2  3  4  5  6  7  8  9 10
#>  7  7 13  4  9  6  1  1  1
#> 7 least connected regions:
#> 1 6 31 39 42 46 47 with 2 links
#> 1 most connected region:
#>    Min. 1st Qu.  Median    Mean 3rd Qu.    Max.
#>  0.1276  0.3613  0.4566  0.4694  0.5536  0.8924
#>
#>   The decimal point is 1 digit(s) to the left of the |
#>
#>   1 | 3344
#>   1 | 99
#>   2 | 000011333344
#>   2 | 556677779999
#>   3 | 000011222222223344444444
#>   3 | 556666777777888888889999999999
#>   4 | 00001111112233333333334444
#>   4 | 55666666666666777777777788888899
#>   5 | 0011112222222222222233334444
#>   5 | 556666667788
#>   6 | 000000112244
#>   6 | 5577889999
#>   7 | 11112244
#>   7 | 557777
#>   8 | 1144
#>   8 | 55999999
#>
col.lags <- nblag(col.gal.nb, 2)
print(col.lags)
#> [[1]]
#> Neighbour list object:
#> Number of regions: 49
#> Number of nonzero links: 230
#> Percentage nonzero weights: 9.579342
#> Average number of links: 4.693878
#>
#> [[2]]
#> Neighbour list object:
#> Number of regions: 49
#> Number of nonzero links: 406
#> Percentage nonzero weights: 16.90962
#> Average number of links: 8.285714
#>
#> attr(,"call")
#> nblag(neighbours = col.gal.nb, maxlag = 2)
summary(col.lags[[2]], coords)
#> Neighbour list object:
#> Number of regions: 49
#> Number of nonzero links: 406
#> Percentage nonzero weights: 16.90962
#> Average number of links: 8.285714
#>
#>  1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8  9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
#>  1  2  5  4  2  3  5  4  2  3  7  3  4  1  1  1  1
#> 1 least connected region:
#> 1 most connected region:
#>    Min. 1st Qu.  Median    Mean 3rd Qu.    Max.
#>  0.3209  0.7126  0.8481  0.9023  1.0860  1.6743
#>
#>   The decimal point is 1 digit(s) to the left of the |
#>
#>    3 | 2233557799
#>    4 | 1166777788888888
#>    5 | 0011224455555566666688889999
#>    6 | 11113333334455556666666666889999999999
#>    7 | 00000011112222222233334444444455555555556666667777777777777777889999
#>    8 | 000011111111222222222233333344444444445555555555666666999999
#>    9 | 001111222222222233444444555555556666667777778899
#>   10 | 0000002222223333333344666666777788889999
#>   11 | 00112233334444555566777788
#>   12 | 1122223333555566667777888888889999
#>   13 | 0000001166668899
#>   14 | 002244558888
#>   15 | 00667788
#>   16 | 77
#>
plot(st_geometry(columbus), border="grey")
title(main="GAL order 1 (black) and 2 (red) links")

cuml <- nblag_cumul(col.lags)
cuml
#> Neighbour list object:
#> Number of regions: 49
#> Number of nonzero links: 636
#> Percentage nonzero weights: 26.48896
#> Average number of links: 12.97959
run <- FALSE
if (require(igraph, quietly=TRUE) && require(spatialreg, quietly=TRUE)) run <- TRUE
if (run) {
W <- as(nb2listw(col.gal.nb), "CsparseMatrix")